Transition from democracy: Loss of quality, hybridisation and breakdown of democracy

The paper points out that there is hardly any research for the reverse transition, the transi‐ tion from democracy to non‐democratic regimes for more than 30 years. For heuristical pur‐ poses, it provides basic data of the decline of democracy, which refers to loss of democratic quality, changes from liberal democracy to hybrid and to authoritarian regimes, during the third wave of democratisation (1974‐2008). The stocktaking shows that most of the cases of decline refer to the change in and from young democracies established during the third wave, especially after 1989. Loss of democratic quality and hybridization are the most fre‐ quent cases of decline, while the breakdown of democracy has been very rare. Young democ‐ racies and poorer countries are more prone to decline than the older and richer cases – aside from a few remarkable exceptions. Finally, the overview argues that the research on the de‐ cline of democracy can benefit from the richness of the approaches of transitology, but should also avoid its methodological traps and failures, concluding with a number of sug‐ gestions for the future research agenda.